Surprised Eel Historian, PhD
@greenleejw
Surprised historian, not surprised eels. Doctor of medieval things. Talkin’ eels, history, and maps. Spaniel mourner. Alt-text artist. I draw custom maps and artwork on commission: Support me here: patreon.com/SurprisedEel
Most of the time, I don't draw with a goal in mind. I start with empty intent, & see what develops. But sometimes, I draw with a purpose. Here's an example: a picture of my parents' dog drawn, which I drew for my mom's birthday. Do I draw such things on commission? Yes I do! You just have to ask!
Morays are the best guess, honestly. 'Cause: 1. They hunt in packs along reefs 2. They can come out of the water to snatch prey on the shore 3. They have been recorded coordinating with groupers to catch prey. Plus, they have 2 sets of jaws. For better killing. 3/4
Now...there's some disagreement about the kind of fish Pollio kept. The latin word is murenae, which can mean lamprey, eel, or moray. Lamprey is the most frequent translation, 'cause they're scary looking. But they're not lethal. Eels or morays make more sense. 2/4
Do you have enemies? Not sure how to deal with them? Have you thought about eels? It's classical! The Roman noble Vedius Pollio kept a pool of large eels, & he threw in people who displeased him, then watched the eels tear them apart. (read to the end for a demo video). 1/4 🗃️🧪
A recent drawing. Is it some sort of dog? Or an aardvark? A dogvark?
Got some friends you can't count on? If so, John Lyly (1580) has this advice for you: He says such friends are like eels. You can't hold an eel w/ bare hands, so you use "a bitter fig leafe" wrap. And w/ your "friends", use "rough taunts", not "smooth talk" to keep them in true. 🗃️🧪
A drawing from this week. Some sort of strange phoenix, perhaps?
It's Friday, & the world is nuts. But the eels still need help. So let's take a moment to learn something ridiculous. Did you know... Medieval Bristol charged eel merchants a fee of 3d per 100 eels. There was also a separate charge of 1/2d per 100 of fresh eel heads. 🗃️🧪
Do you fear you've being cheated? That your barrel of eels isn't all it seems? Fret not! In 1483, tired of shady salesmen -- especially Dutch & Scottish ones -- Parliament decreed that a barrel of eels must be full, & hold 42 lbs. of fish. PLUS, all the eels must be edible! 🗃️🧪
It's Wednesday, & you're wondering: "What were the smallest, & the largest, annual eel-rent in 12th C. England?" Well, I'm here to help! The smallest was 22 eels, from Hoddeston, for Sir Geoffrey Mandeville. The largest was 75,000 eels, from Harmston, for Earl Hugh of Chester. 🗃️🧪
Q: What do you get the man who has everything? A: A happy afterlife! Q: How do you do that? A: Eels. Obviously. In about 1500 Ralph de Baliol agreed to pay 2000 eels per year to get the monks at Castle Acre Priory, near King's Lynn, to pray for the soul of his lord, Earl Warren. 🗃️🧪
Also, Falstaff’s line gets copied almost verbatim in a 1610 play by Nathaniel Field, which describes a character as “that little old dried neat’s tongue, that eel-skin.” Ouch. So it’s probably that the Bard was talking about eels yet again. Because why wouldn't he? /fin
The eighteenth-century editor Sir Thomas Hanmer suggested “eel-skin,” which most modern scholars think is right. Shakespeare used eel skins to refer to thinness & dryness in other plays, so here he's probably using medieval humoral theory to mock the Prince’s youth. 3/4
There's uncertainty around “eel-skin” in this line; in the first two quartos the word is written as “elsskin”, but in the third is written as “elfskin.” But eels had more cultural currency than elves, & it's likely that the editor mistook a long "s" for an "f". Which happens. 2/4
There's a fun eel mention in Henry IV, when Falstaff slags young Hal's aggressively slight stature: “’Sblood, you starveling, you eel-skin, you dried neat’s tongue, you bull’s pizzle, you stockfish!” ‘Cause that’s how you speak truth to skinny power, damn it. 1/4 🗃️🧪
Very early in the pandemic, I spent 2 terrible weeks in isolation, unable to breathe or walk across the room. Waiting my temp. to spike. Worrying about my kids. Fighting against dying. In the middle of this covid revisionist, anti-vax bullshit, it was worth saying what that felt like:
Just gonna go ahead and share this again, 'cause it keeps being annoying relevant.
A drawing to share. I think maybe it’s Cerberus if he were a peacock
So you've got a fishpond, & you love eels. Should you put eels in your fishpond? The Fleta, a 13th C. book on English common law, says NO. They'll eat the other fish, then eat each other. Then the remaining ones will just leave overland for a better home. Don't do it, friends. 🗃️🧪
The English began eating far fewer freshwater fish like salmon, & started doing a lot more pelagic fishing. Evidence shows a marked shift to eating marine fish. It's a big of enough thing to get an awesome name: "The Fish Event Horizon." But also, they kept eating eels. 'Cause eels. 2/2
Starting around 1000 CE, the English began building lots of mill dams, and this blocked the migration pathways of lots of fish! Oh no! But eels can live out of water for a while, & travel overland if need be. So they could migrate around or over medieval dams. Eels FTW! 1/2 🗃️🧪
In 1544 an English merchant in Calais named Otwell Johnson wrote to his brother John, & asked him to remind their sister to buy some eels in London for Lent. Which is basically the 16th C. version of texting someone to stop by the store on the way home. 🗃️🧪
Medieval landlords collected eels in rent, but they also sometimes paid them out. In the 1250s, the Bishop of Ely had 94 tenants in Tydd St. Giles who had to spend several days each year farming him. And on those days the Bishop owed them each some bread, some cheese, & 5 eels. 🗃️🧪
Eel metaphors have been with us as long as we've been eating eels -- so a long time. The ancient Greeks certainly had their share. In his play "The Knights" Aristophanes (d.386 BCE) compares demagogues to eel fishermen who had to muddy the waters before they could make a profit. 🗃️🧪
Buying redemption w/ eels wasn't just a medieval English thing. Oh, no! In 1500 the Duke of Ferarra wanted nuns in Florence to pray for him. But that kinda thing ain't free, & to get his prayers the duke had to make regular payments of eels to the sisters. Soul food, y'all.
Maybe the fanciest medieval eel recipe was the French "reversed eel." How do you make it? Well... First, you skin & debone the eel. Then, sew it back together inside out, stuffed with bread crumbs, meats & spices. Then, cook it in red wine. Kind of a super-fancy eel hot pocket! 🗃️🧪
In 1397 the city of London arrested several Dutch eel merchants for unpaid debts. But that meant fewer eels! And that won't do. So the king intervened. He ordered that the Dutch be set free to sell their eels, and also that the city never again hassle eel merchants in this way. 🗃️🧪
In uncertain times, you need spiritual insurance. Eel insurance. Emma de Beaufoe (d. 1256) knew. In her will, she left 400 eels each year to Blackborough Priory. The eels bought prayers for the souls of Emma, & her friend(?) Isabelle Freville. Salvation is slippery. Bring eels.