Tested hypothesis that LPAI H7 prev increases in wild brids prior to emergence of HPAI H7 + associated outbreaks in poultry. Here, no evidence for this, but relationship b/w puoltry outbreaks and rainfall. 👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....

South Korea, 2023–2024, H6N1 in wild birds + broiler duck farm w recurrent infection. 18 H6N1 isolates, comprising 14 from wild birds and four from the affected farm - 8 genotypes. Wild bird intro to farm, but then farm persistence. 👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...

Complete genome sequence a G5.7 lineage H9N2 virus used by the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute-developed A/H9N2 vaccine strain 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/full/10....

single-cell RNA sequencing + spatial transcriptomics to compare the immune landscapes in mouse lungs. H1N1 infection=robust interferon + inflammatory responses. H5N1 2321 =attenuated interferon signaling, delayed monocyte activation etc. 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...

Engineered sialic acid-anchored tandem M-SiaB w HA stalk -specific monoclonal NAb with a sialic acid-receptor-binding domain = 🔺 4-20x neutrilising potency = strategy to enhance potency + breadth of NAbs against genetically divergent pathogenic influenza viruses. 👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...

The H5N1 virus isolated from bovine milk in Texas in 2024 replicates just as efficiently in differentiated human nasal epithelial cells as a pandemic H1N1pdm09, at both 37 °C and 33 °C. PB2 M631L and PA K497R important for replication at 33C. 👉 www.nature.com/articles/s44...

Disease in a cat on a dairy farm in the Netherlands, positive for HPAI. Follow-up investigations of the cattle on the farm revealed 15.3% of serum samples from lactating dairy cows and 3/38 serum samples from youngstock postive by HI. 👉 www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2...

Sept–Nov 2022, NE China, poultry market: reassortant comprising: HA from BJ/94-like lineage (human-associated), PB1/NP/NS from F98-like lineage, NA from FJ/30-C-like branch, PB2/M from G1-like lineage. One isolate able to infect mice without prior adaptation. 👉 www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18...

dual-target RT-PCR assay for H5 subtyping of pooled influenza A-positive samples. 100% positive percent agreement, detecting H5 in all contrived H5-positive pools, but there was some decrease in analytical sensitivity. 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...

Japan, 2024-25. G2d + G2C subgroups, 11 genotypes, G2d-0 dominant. Experimental infection of chickens revealed comparable pathogenicity among genotypes, lower infectivity of Japanese isolates in bovine mammary epithelial cells vs B3.13 genotype 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...

Reivew of avian influenza viruses in marine mammals, including epizootics in pinnipeds in S. America, and detections of LPAI 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

D1.1, dominant in US by late 2024. Phylodynamic analyses = stepwise dissemination during fall 2024, limited support for long-distance Pacific–Atlantic exchange, Pacific Flyway likely source. 👉 wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/...

immunogenicity and efficacy of Matrix-M®–adjuvanted nanoparticle protein vaccine w recombinant H5 HA of A/American wigeon/South Carolina/22/000345-001/2021 in mice = robust binding + neutrilizing antibody responses, protected against lethal challenge 👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...

Lake Baikal basin, 2018-2024. 1036 swabs, 28 bird speccies, 42 isolates of 12 HA/NA combinations. Viruses related to those in Mongolia, South Korea, Japan, China, and Western Siberia. No H5N1. 👉 www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18...

HPAI in South America - 10/11 countries reported infection across 104 species, 59.62% of which are migratory and predominantly non-trans-equatorial. Multiple introduction, regional viral diversification, and patterns consistent with repeated cross-species spillovers 👉 www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18...

Challenged H5N1 viruses isolated in S. Korea against anti-sera derived from H5N1 CVV's. Ferret antisera raised against the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs exhibited broad cross-neutralization against most Korean isolates. 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Used Alphafold to identify nanobodies with potential neutralizing activity from PBMCs of alpaca immunized against H9N2. Nb13 = broad inhibitory activity. In chicks, Nb13 provided robust protection. Blocks viral entry to cells. 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Dec 2025, HPAI in dairy herd in Wisconsin: WI5743-H5N1 distinct from previously reported D1.1 = new introduction. Had PB2-E627K. In mice, efficient replication in resp tissues + detectable in brain. But lower lethargy vs other 2344bs 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...

Several European countries implemented active + passive monitoring programmes for people at high-risk of HPAI, eg farm workers, vets, culling. Important for pandemic preparedness. 👉 www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2...

Detection of HPAI in a fetal bovine serum lot during routine adventitious agent testing. Heating at 56°C for 30 minutes completely inactivated the virus 👉 wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/...

In cattle mammary organoids - excellent replication of HPAI, but also airway organoids. Human airway and nasal organoids are highly susceptible; results from organoid assays show key role of N1 cross protection after human seasonal vaccination. 👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...

After severe 2016–2017 oubreaks in S. Korea = strengthened control measures, incl restrictions on duck farming + organizational restructuring = distinct shift in HPAI patterns from large-scale, clustered epidemics to sporadic outbreaks post-2017 👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/...

In Canada, emergence of D1.1 with H275Y mutation - resistant to oseltamivir and peramivir, susceptible to zanamivir and BXA. But 🔻 titres + 🔻 virulence vs with w/o mutation. 👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....

In H5, 2000-2023, progressive increase in the PA-X N193S mutation. rWT-N193S = attenuated replication in avian + mammalian cells, 🔻 pathogenicity in mice, 🔻 cytokine storms BUT enhances dendritic cells uptake and disables mucosal immune functions 👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....

Elephant Seals could be played a role in long distance spread of HPAI in the southern oceans. Substantial overlap in seals’ at-sea distributions during their winter post-moult trips, when seals travel for weeks at average speeds of 3.5 km/h 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.6...

Ecuadorian pediatric case of H5N1-associated encephalitis and multisystem organ failure in a previously healthy 9-year-old female following direct contact with infected poultry 👉 www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18...

Evolutionary dynamics of H5 from wild birds, East China, 2013 -2022: 2321 + 2344 present, H5N1, H5N6, H5N8 present. Majority of the isolates were antigenically well-matched with the contemporaneous vaccine strains used in China 👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/16...

Analysis of poultry outbreaks in Canada: local proximity to an active outbreak as strongest statistical predictor, with wind-mediated transmission amplified by high wind speeds and relative humidity. transmission mechanics are geographically distinct 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Turns out that pigs mammary glands have both both SA-α2,3 and SA-α2,6. As bovine HPAI prefers mammary glands, this means that pigs could also be infected through this route 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...

Antivirals play a critical role in human cases of avian influenza. Here a review of antiviral resistance in human H5N1 and H7N9. NA mutations rapidly occurred in a subtype-specific manner with H274Y and N294S in H5N1 and R292K in H7N9 👉 academic.oup.com/ofid/advance...