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RNA sequencing is one of the best ways to study active changes across many biological systems at once. This thread covers major RNA findings in Long COVID, ME/CFS, and other diseases, and the value RNA may have for future research.

At Amatica Health, we're working to build one of the largest linked biological and patient datasets in this space, to support research into the biology of conditions like ME/CFS and Long COVID. Our mission and methods: www.amaticahealth.com

An interesting new paediatric Long COVID study found more microclots, more neutrophil trap formation and more vessel-lining injury. In lab work, COVID spike bound to antibodies helped trigger that injury. Let's break it down.

A new ME/CFS study points to mast cells being primed to react to EBV-related stimulation. EBV protein triggered strong MMP-9 release from mast cells in the lab, and patient blood showed higher IL-11 and MMP-9. Let's break it down.

CSF studies in Long COVID and ME/CFS have found altered immune-cell states, stress signals, cytokine differences and CSF-blood mismatch. Given the neurological nature of these diseases, CSF could answer questions that are less accessible from blood. Let's break it down.

Muscle biopsy studies in ME/CFS and Long COVID have found oxidative muscle stress, altered glucose use, mitochondrial changes, capillary injury, nerve-muscle damage and worse muscle pathology after PEM. Let's break down what the findings mean.

COVID is often described as a respiratory infection, but acute and fatal COVID brain autopsy studies show it can affect the brain. Findings include viral RNA in some brain tissue, brainstem inflammation, microglial activation and vascular injury. Let's break it down.

Among more than one million US veterans, the 2024 to 2025 COVID vaccine was linked with a 37.7% lower relative risk of a combined outcome: COVID-associated cardiovascular death, heart attack, stroke or heart-failure admission.

Researchers found that SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious inside sealed fragments released by dying cells. Macrophages swallowed these fragments, bringing virus inside and activating strong inflammatory signals.

Company biobanks have helped move diseases forward: cancer tests reaching ~90% accuracy, Alzheimer’s and diabetes genetics, and liver disease clues. This is why we at Amatica Health are building one for Long COVID and ME/CFS and how individuals can help the mission. 🧵

USA ordering for the Amatica Health RNA test is designed to be simple. You order online, we ship your kit, the kit includes everything required, you book a blood draw locally, and we arrange and manage return shipping and customs.

In a selected group with POTS or other upright symptoms plus signs of pelvic vein disease, 83% had pelvic vein compression or congestion. In a larger, partly overlapping group of 271 women, symptoms and quality of life improved after stenting.

Bezuclastinib cut total symptom burden by about 54% after 48 weeks in nonadvanced systemic mastocytosis. Nearly every tested patient also had at least a 50% fall in blood tryptase, a marker linked with mast- cell burden.

Reminder to join the Amatica RNA batch heading to the lab this month. Order within the next week or so to make the cutoff. Each person receives 20,000+ blood RNA results from a single draw.

Mitochondrial findings in ME/CFS and Long COVID include altered fuel use, lower energy efficiency, immune-cell energy stress, muscle-cell abnormalities and worse muscle findings after PEM. This thread breaks down what that means in simple language.

Children with Long COVID may show different biology depending on illness stage. At the start, SARS-CoV-2 immune signals were elevated, then faded. Later patterns pointed to innate, Th2-like allergy-associated immune activity, plus energy and clotting-marker differences.

In 2,141 people with hEDS or HSD, about one in four had a high mast-cell-related score based on 11 self-reported conditions. Higher scores were linked with more symptoms and reported conditions.

My overview listed 2 broad areas higher, 13 lower, 8 mixed, and 6 typical against the reference range. Some key systems were cell cycle, metabolism, immune system, programmed cell death, signal passing, neuronal system, hemostasis, and more.

Sharing some of my own exploratory pathway results from my RNA data. This is n=1, my own sample, early exploratory, and information only. I find the biology genuinely interesting, so I wanted to discuss what enrichment means and what these systems do.

Women with fibromyalgia had higher anti-GFAP assay signals. GFAP is a structural protein found in nerve-support cells that can influence how pain signals are handled.

Gene-expression methods have become clinically relevant elsewhere, but only after validation for specific uses. Examples include Oncotype DX and MammaPrint in breast cancer, and PrismRA in rheumatoid arthritis.

RNA data is more valuable for research when paired with real-world context. - Symptoms - severity - diagnoses - treatment history add context to gene activity patterns and support deeper analysis across groups.

The research goal is to identify - candidate diagnostic signals - biological subgroups - RNA-based biomarkers - treatment-response patterns that may be taken forward for future validation

Serum from people with fibromyalgia activated support cells around mouse nerves involved in pain, facial sensation, internal organs and automatic body functions. This points to one or more circulating factors that can activate these support cells.

Post-exertional malaise is a delayed or prolonged worsening of symptoms after physical, cognitive or emotional exertion. Understanding its biology is critical to understanding ME/CFS. What changes when blood is tested before and during PEM? 🧵

In fibromyalgia, severe irritable bowel symptoms were linked with fewer tiny nerve fibers in skin biopsies. The study connects gut symptoms with a measured change in nerves that also help control pain and automatic body functions.

Viral persistence and viral reactivation are often discussed together in Long COVID and ME/CFS, but they are not the same process. One concerns the original virus. The other concerns older latent viruses becoming active again. Let's break it down 🧵

After 40 hyperbaric oxygen sessions, unusually strong thalamus connections shifted toward patterns seen in healthy controls. Larger shifts appeared in people whose physical function improved most.

In ME/CFS, heavier gut symptoms were linked with worse fatigue, pain, sleep, thinking, flu-like and sensory problems, plus higher CRP, a blood sign of inflammation. The study identified a gut-linked pattern across core symptoms.