The Journal of Immunology

@jimmunol

The Journal of Immunology is an official journal of The American Association of Immunologists, journals.aai.org/jimmunol Editor-in-Chief: Gail A. Bishop, Ph.D.

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The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 2d

Data establish BACH1 as a molecular controller that integrates early innate immune signaling with regenerative output, positioning it as a central node linking transcriptional control, immune fate decisions, and tissue repair. Learn more: https://ow.ly/eQqw50ZvWev.

Bach1 deficiency in myeloid cells generates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that impairs muscle stem cell differentiation.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 3d

Researchers performed a CRISPRi screen in an ILC3 cell model which showed SON and MAP4K1 as novel regulators of type III immunity. This line of work could increase our understanding of the balance between healthy or damaging immune responses. Read more: https://ow.ly/iBBb50ZvWaE.

CRISPRi screen identifies known and potential novel regulators of type III cytokines. (A) Overview of MNK3i cell engineering. MNK3 cells were stably transduced with a tetracycline (dox) inducible expression vector for catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9). A MNK3i subclone was then transduced with lentiviral expression vectors for sgRNAs to inhibit specific genes (blue squiggle in cell indicates an sgRNA bound to dCas9). (

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 4d

Data show CD7 drives T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection suggesting CD7 as a potential therapeutic target to improve effector CD8 T cell-mediated control over chronic infection and malignancy. Read more: https://ow.ly/gPth50ZvW8w.

CD7 is upregulated on exhausted T cells during chronic viral infection and cancer.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 5d

When comparing immune responses to wild type measles and live-attenuated measles vaccine (LAMV) in macaques, WT measles caused a rapid immune response but also acute immune suppression, while LAMV did not show evidence of immune suppression. Read more: https://ow.ly/TYbX50ZvW72.

Longitudinal analysis of TCR repertoire properties per T cell subtype following WT MeV infection or LAMV vaccination. (A) Right: UMAP projecting TCR-VDJ repertoire information availability in GEX T cell clusters at baseline. Left: Bar chart showing the baseline proportion of T cells in each cluster with or without available TCR-VDJ, summarized from 6 RMs. Teal or pink indicate if VDJ information is or is not available respectively. (B) UMAP projecting TRBC and TRGC constant gene information from the TCR-VDJ library onto T cell clusters at baseline. (C) Dotplot showing top 15 genes per TRBC1, TRBC2, TRGC1, TRGC2 T cells. (D) TRBV and (E) TRAV gene usage per timepoint and treatment group in CD8 cytotoxic T cells (cluster 3 in the T cell-only Seurat object). Of note, TRBV6-3 and TRAV1-2 were used >30% in one RM at D0, thus these 2 datapoints were removed in the proportional analysis.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 6d

Researchers identified bacterial-specific transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA), a conserved RNA involved in ribosome rescue during bacterial translation, as a previously unrecognized PAMP as it induced production of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-α in murine models. 🔗 https://ow.ly/rrf550ZvW4S

tmRNA induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines through the TLR7 MyD88 pathway. (A–C) Flt3L-derived DCs (Flt-DCs) from TLR7 WT and KO mice were left untreated (ctrl) or stimulated for 24 hours with tmRNA plus CLs. The production of IFN-α (A), TNF-α (B), and IL-6 (C) was measured by ELISA. (D–F) Flt-DCs from MyD88 WT and KO mice were treated as described above, and the production of IFN-α (D), TNF-α (E), and IL-6 (F) was measured by ELISA. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments (n = 3). Each dot represents an independent experiment. Statistical significance was determined using Welch’s t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs ctrl within each genotype; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs WT under the same stimulation conditions.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 7d

Our understanding of the innate immune mechanisms related tuberculosis (TB) is limited. New data suggest that neutrophil subpopulations are associated with TB disease progression as they can modulate CD8 T cells’ functions. Learn more in The JI: https://ow.ly/xrEk50ZvW2S.

Lung granuloma neutrophil diversity is linked to the spleen compartment. (A) Comparison of the frequency of neutrophil subsets between BM, blood, lung granulomas, and spleen at the time of necropsy. The data presented are median values. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ***P < 0.0001, 2-way analysis of variance test with Sidak’s correction for multiple testing. (B) Cytocompare analysis comparing and matching neutrophil clusters with similar phenotypes between tissues: spleen, blood, lung granulomas, and BM. The stack bar plot represents the number of neutrophil clusters with a similar phenotype in the two tissues. Clusters are grouped together by neutrophil subpopulation. (C, D) Circos diagram showing neutrophil cluster phenotypic connections between BM, blood, lung granulomas, and spleen. Neutrophil clusters are colored by subset: preneutrophils and mature, immature, and other neutrophils.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 8d

Data show that loss of bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF) in germinal center (GC) B cells leads to impaired GC responses and fewer antigen-specific memory B cells and plasma cells following immunization. Learn more in The JI: https://ow.ly/RLEQ50ZvW08.

BPTF is necessary for GC B cell survival.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 8d

Did you know predatory publishers often clone legitimate journal titles? Always double-check journal names independently — dropping a single word like "The" could lead you to a fake outlet. Read more: https://ow.ly/WRCI50Zx7CT. #ScientificPublishing

Underwater scene with fish and sharks, warning to be aware of predatory publishers and learn to spot the signs.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 10d

Data uncover a novel mechanism by which doxorubicin enhances neuroblastoma tumor susceptibility to γδT-cell–mediated killing through ULBP1 up-regulation, provides a strong rationale for combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy. Learn more: https://ow.ly/kaBX50ZvVVi.

DOX-induced upregulation of NKG2D ligand ULBP1 expression in NB cells. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM from at least 3 independent experiments. Significant differences between groups are represented by *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 11d

Data suggest a significant role for CCR6-CCL20 signaling in regulating Ig isotype switching at the mucosal barrier during intestinal inflammation, thereby offering important insights into CCR6-mediated inflammatory pathologies. Learn more: https://ow.ly/3Wvr50ZvVT7

Diagram showing CCR6 receptor on B lymphocyte binding CCL20, activating signaling proteins pAKT, pmTOR, and pSTAT, leading to IgA production.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 15d

Explore the official Abstract Supplement published in The JI. An invaluable resource for catching up on the latest data, preliminary findings, and emerging trends shared by colleagues from around the globe. 🔗 https://ow.ly/2PYZ50ZuMM3.

Cover of The Journal of Immunology 2026 featuring scientists working in labs and vials of samples, highlighting immunology research.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 26d

Researchers identified a chronic critical illness after trauma is not driven by classic immunosuppression but is driven by an IL-17–skewed immune program and ineffective pathogen control. Learn more about how this could help patients: https://ow.ly/mx1Y50ZnO23.

CCI patients have higher frequency of functional IL-17A–producing T cells. (A) Representative flow plot of CD5+IL-17A+ cells from trauma patient PBMCs stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 mAbs. (B) Percentage of CD5 cells producing IL-17A from each trauma patient cohort and HC subjects. Statistical assessment using Brown-Forsythe and unpaired t with Welch’s correction is shown for each individual comparison. The number of samples for flow cytometry were 14, 11, 15, and 32 for the HC, RR, IM, and CCI groups, respectively. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 27d

New data underscores the role of mitochondrial health in shaping T cell functional diversity and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, which researchers say holds insight for developing novel immunomonitoring strategies. Learn more in The JI: https://ow.ly/8mt050ZnO0r.

T cell metabolic profiles stratified by clinical benefit reveal distinct functional states associated with immunotherapy response.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 28d

When determining how γδ T cells in the fetus respond to cytomegalovirus infection, researchers found that they exhibit a high degree of proliferation, activation, and memory differentiation. Read more in the new Clinical and Human Immunology Collection: https://ow.ly/UEBg50ZnNZo.

Clonally expanded Vδ1+ T cells in cCMV+ neonates have cytotoxic programming and fetal-derived TCR characteristics.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· 29d

Data demonstrate that rheumatoid arthritis patients have both intrinsic differences in natural VDJ arrangements and overall B cell selection processes compared to healthy controls. Learn more in the Clinical and Human Immunology Special Collection: https://ow.ly/WP6J50ZnNVe.

Class-switching and SHM level in expanded clonotypes with N-glycosylation sites. Identified expanded clonotypes with least 10 unique sequence members within the same clonotype (with shared VH-JH and CDR3 similarities) and at least 1 member carrying an N-glyc (N-X-S/T) site, were analyzed for characterstics within the clonotype (visualized in Figs. 5 and 6). The figure shows the summary statistics for all identified expanded clonotypes with N-glyc sites in the RA patients (121 clonotypes, 3,561 sequences) and healthy blood donors (86 clonotypes, 3,469 sequences) that were not encoded by VH genes carrying germline-encoded N-glyc sites.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 15

A publication in the Clinical and Human Immunology special collection finds that notch signaling may contribute to long-term antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses after mRNA vaccination. Learn more and read the whole collection in The JI: https://ow.ly/gWTS50ZnNRw.

Epitope-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit heterogeneous persistence 6 mo after the third mRNA vaccination. P values were calculated using 2-way analysis of variance. All experiments were performed once.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 10

Did you present your abstract at #IMMUNOLOGY2026? Expand your presentation by submitting a manuscript to The JI to be included in an upcoming special collection, Highlights of #IMMUNOLOGY2026™. Learn more: https://ow.ly/57wL50Zl988.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 9

Whole-body irradiation is required for optimal CAR-T cell engraftment in mice, but irradiation can improve lupus disease, creating challenges for assessing CAR-T cell therapy. New research in The JI provides a framework to address this challenge: https://ow.ly/zgPW50ZhTkZ.

CAR-T cell therapy ameliorates renal disease in murine lupus.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 8

A #CuttingEdge article suggests TGFβ modulates the metabolic networks and immune signaling cascades of alveolar macrophages to control inflammatory pathways and that the role of type I IFNs is a key initial response to invading pathogens in the lungs. https://ow.ly/NWRl50ZhTkW.

Mitochondrial ROS contributes to TGFβ-dependent IFN responses. (A) WT TGFβ (−) FLAMs and WT or Mavs KO TGFβ (+) FLAMs were stained for the peroxisomal markers PMP70 and catalase in addition to cellular DNA with DAPI. Shown are representative images from at least 3 independent experiments. The far-left column images were taken with a 100× oil objective; inset images were cropped to a single cell and have a scale bar that is 10 μm in size. (B) MFI of each peroxisomal marker in (A) was quantified. Each individual data point represents a single cell from a representative experiment. (C) WT TGFβ (−) FLAMs and WT or Mavs KO TGFβ (+) FLAMs were stained for the mitochondrial markers Tomm20 and ATP synthase in addition to cellular DNA with DAPI. Shown are representative images from at least 3 independent experiments. The far-left column images were taken with a 100× oil objective; inset images were cropped to a single cell and have a scale bar that is 10 μm in size.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 7

Data identify NOP16 as a previously unrecognized modulator of class switch recombination, highlighting its relevance in adaptive immunity and extending its functional significance beyond cancer biology. Learn more in The JI: https://ow.ly/Mw7r50ZhTje.

NOP16 is enriched in activated or LZ GC B cell clusters. (A) Nop16 mRNA expression in CD19− and CD19+ cells from mouse splenocytes, bone marrow, and Peyer’s patch. (B) UMAP projection of B cell populations from single-cell RNA-seq data from human tonsils (GSE165860). (C) Feature plots presenting NOP16, Myc, and AICDA expression in the human tonsil B cell population. (D) Violin plots presenting NOP16, Myc, AICDA, and BCL6 expression across B cell subclusters in human tonsils. (E) Representative flow cytometry plots showing the distinction between LZ and DZ populations among CD19+FAS+GL7+ splenocytes from mice immunized with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Cell sorting for LZ and DZ GC B cells was performed based on this gating strategy (left). Relative expression levels of Nop16 and Aicda mRNA in sorted LZ and DZ GC B cells (right).

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 6

Data identify a causal SNP and methylation mechanism that disrupts transcription factor binding, providing a theoretical foundation and molecular resources for disease-resistant breeding of grass carp, the most abundantly farmed freshwater fish. https://ow.ly/zfMX50ZhTiG.

Schematic diagram depicting the distinct expression profiles of CiTLR1 in resistant and susceptible grass carp. In the susceptible group, hypermethylation of the CiTLR1 promoter impedes CREB binding, resulting in reduced mRNA transcription and lower CiTLR1 expression. In the resistant group, hypomethylation of the CiTLR1 promoter allows CREB to bind, leading to increased mRNA transcription and higher CiTLR1 expression.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 5

New data identifies NDRG3 as a previously undescribed regulator of restimulation-induced cell death in T cells, suggesting NDRG3 as a target for autoimmune disorders and chimeric antigen receptor T cell treatment for cancer. Learn more: https://ow.ly/eLT050ZhTih.

Diagram comparing LDHA wild type and knockout effects on pyruvate and lactate metabolism with NDRG3 degradation pathway.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 3

Researchers observed a higher level of immune activation in patients with preeclampsia compared with uncomplicated pregnancies. The researchers suggest high levels of induced “memory” NK cells may play a role. Learn more: https://ow.ly/bitO50ZhTha.

Comparison of NK cell phenotypes in primigravid and multigravid women showing increased CD56brightCD16-ILT2+ NK cells in pregnancy memory response.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 2

Data identifies Th9 cells as contributors to endometriosis-associated immune dysregulation. Th9 cells exhibit diverse, context-dependent roles, facilitating inflammation in early disease, while contributing antiproliferative functions in later stages. https://ow.ly/7HOR50ZhTnE.

Endometriosis mouse model with adoptive transfer of GFP+ Th9 cells or PBS. (A) Workflow of EMS mouse model with adoptive transfer of Th9-like cells. Mice were induced with EMS on day 0. GFP+ mouse splenic CD4+ T cells were cultured in vitro with Th9 phenotype-deriving growth factors and double positively selected for IL-4Rα and TGF-βRII by immunomagnetic separation. On day 7, mice were injected intraperitoneally with suspensions of 2.74 × 105 Th9-like lymphocytes or PBS. (B) Mouse plasma collected at 7- and 14-day timepoints underwent multiplex analysis for inflammatory cytokine levels. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparisons test. IL-1α significantly increased in the Th9 adoptive transfer group from day 7 to day 14 while no change was observed in the PBS control group. “Th9” is the mouse group that received adoptive transfer of Th9-like lymphocytes; “PBS” is the PBS control mouse group.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 2

High-frequency influenza-specific CD8+ T cells with a tissue-resident phenotype that recognize conserved viral epitopes and have a functional phenotype distinct from cells found in blood were found in the lower airways during viral clearance. Read more: https://ow.ly/VH5450ZhTgV.

Human IBV-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles in blood and BALF. (A) UMAP plot of all cells containing both a full-length TCRα and TCRβ sequence. (B) UMAP plot of cells with full-length TCRα and TCRβ sequence from the blood (left panel) and BALF (right panel) highlighting reverse epitope–mapped IBV-specific TCR-containing cells in red and cells with TCR of unclear specificity from reverse epitope mapping in blue. Cells with TCRs that were not reverse epitope mapped are in gray. (C) Volcano plot of all differentially expressed genes from IBV-specific cells in BALF (left) and blood (right). (D) Expression of indicated selected genes that were significantly different after adjustment for multiple comparisons between IBV-specific T cells found in either the blood or BALF. (E) Heatmap of expression level of Hallmark gene sets in IBV-specific T cells found in the indicated samples and subjects.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jul 1

Researchers identified 2 healthy adult brothers lacking FcγRIIIb on neutrophils and described their neutrophil activation through FcγR engagement by opsonized Escherichia coli. Read the findings for insights into the functional relevance of FcγRIIIb: https://ow.ly/59th50ZhTfH.

Phagocytosis and ROS production are impaired in FcγRIIIbnull neutrophils. (A) Proportion of phagocytosing cells per sample. (B) Normalized phagocytosis, calculated by dividing the MFI of bioparticles-treated cells by the MFI of untreated cells. This reflects a relative quantity of phagocytosed particles per cell in the population. (C) F-actin polymerization following stimulation with opsonized E. coli (N = 4 biological samples for the control group and 2 for the null group, with >1 technical replicate performed on different days). (D) ROS production. (E) pSYK/SYK ratio in the absence of stimulation (colored bars) and following PMA (empty bar) or opsonized E. coli stimulation (strike-through bar) in FcγRIIIb-expressing and (F) FcγRIIIbnull neutrophils. Peripheral blood FcγRIIIb-expressing neutrophils (ctrl, green circles). Peripheral blood FcγRIIIbnull neutrophils (null, purple squares).

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jun 30

Data reveal the mechanisms behind how PI3Kδ inhibition generates T cells capable of establishing and maintaining an antitumor immune response, suggesting a promising strategy for improving adoptive cell therapy outcomes in solid tumors. Read more: https://ow.ly/CVAC50ZhTnb.

Changes to the tumor microenvironment between tumors containing control CD8 T cells and CAL-101–treated CD8 T cells.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jun 30

A new Special Collection in The JI highlights the many roles of PI3K-δ in adaptive immunity, including a review on key milestones in knowledge of PI3K-δ, and two reviews discussing its role in B cells and T cells, respectively. Read the full collection: https://ow.ly/5F1c50ZhTep.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jun 29

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important viral pathogens in the swine industry. New data increase our understanding of PRRSV pathogenesis and give clues on the development of antivirals. https://ow.ly/nSHn50ZhTmI.

Model for the mechanisms by which PRRSV-induced miR-378b-3p facilitates its infection by inhibiting IFN-I. PRRSV infection promotes miR-378b-3p expression through activation of STAT1, and miR-378b-3p in turn interferes with IFN-I production by repressing OGT expression, leading to viral escape from host innate immunity and enhancement of PRRSV replication.

The Journal of Immunology@jimmunol· Jun 29

New data highlight a critical role for CNS1-dependent peripherally induced Tregs in determining acute lung injury severity, providing insight into how Treg subpopulations may be harnessed to mitigate tissue damage. Learn more: https://ow.ly/nCsJ50ZhTcX.